Effecting behaviour change using an artificial intelligence chatbot: A pilot randomised controlled study (preprint)

Chatbots have the potential to effect large-scale behaviour change because they are accessible through social media, flexible, scalable, and automatically gather data. Yet research on the feasibility and effectiveness of chatbot-administered behaviour change interventions is sparse. There is no guarantee that established behaviour change interventions are effective when implemented in chatbots given the unique human-machine interaction dynamics. In this pilot study, we test whether an advanced, natural language processing-based chatbot can effect behaviour change using animations embedded in conversations with users. Specifically, we evaluated whether the chatbot could increase understanding and intentions to adopt protective behaviours during the pandemic in a real world cohort. We randomised 59 participants from culturally and linguistically diverse populations to three groups, receiving either a compassion intervention, an exponential growth intervention or no intervention. We measured participants’ attitudes about leaving the house for different reasons and their intentions to get tested if they experienced symptoms. We found that the chatbot reduced uncertainty about appropriate COVID-19 protective behaviours and that the exponential growth bias intervention increased participants’ likelihood of getting tested. This study provides preliminary evidence that chatbots augmented with animations can spark behaviour change, with potential for applications in diverse and underrepresented groups, highlighting the need for further research on this topic.

Risk perception, illusory superiority, and personal responsibility during COVID-19: An experimental study of attitudes to staying home (preprint)

Individual decision-making about social distancing, self-quarantine and self-isolation is crucial in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. In the rapidly evolving pandemic, little is known about how different government communication strategies may systematically affect people’s attitudes to staying home or going out, nor the extent to which people perceive and process the risk of different scenarios. In this study, we report results from a sample of 581 participants (residing in the United Kingdom), and we examine the degree to which participants’ attitudes regarding the permissibility of leaving one’s home are (1) sensitive to different levels of risk of viral transmission in specific scenarios, (2) sensitive to communication framings that are either imperative or that invite reasoning about scenarios, or (3) creating “loopholes” for themselves when scenarios are framed with reference to the participants themselves rather than in general terms. We find that participants’ attitudes to social distancing are sensitive to the level of risk of transmission, and that when scenarios are framed in imperative terms, rather than when their reasoning is encouraged, participants have more impermissive attitudes to going out in Minimal Risk scenarios, with a trend of decreased permissiveness more generally; for self-loopholes, more research is needed to determine if participants make exceptions for themselves. Thus, subject to the limitations of this study, during phases where it is important to promote self-isolation for all scenarios, including those perceived to be low risk, imperative communication may be best.